Readings for SME policies 2

「生産性革命論」の批判的検討のための資料（その２）

米国小企業法(1953年)　第2条

US Small Business Act of 1953　(Public Law 85-536, as amended)

§ 2. (a)

The essence of the American economic system of private enterprise is free competition. Only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business, and opportunities for the expression and growth of personal initiative and individual judgment be assured. The preservation and expansion of such competition is basic not only to the economic well-being but to the security of this Nation. Such security and well-being cannot be realized unless the actual and potential capacity of small business is encouraged and developed. It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid, counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small-business concerns in order to preserve free competitive enterprise, to insure that a fair proportion of the total purchases and contracts or subcontracts for property and services for the Government (including but not limited to contracts or subcontracts for maintenance, repair, and construction) be placed with small business enterprises, to insure that a fair proportion of the total sales of Government property be made to such enterprises, and to maintain and strengthen the overall economy of the Nation.

(b) (1) It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Federal Government, through the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, acting in cooperation with the Department of Commerce and other relevant State and Federal agencies, should aid and assist small businesses, as defined under this Act, to increase their ability to compete in international markets by.

(A) enhancing their ability to export;

(B) facilitating technology transfers;

(D) increasing the access of small businesses to long-term capital for the purchase of new plant and equipment used in the production of goods and services involved in international trade;

(E) disseminating information concerning State, Federal, and private programs and initiatives to enhance the ability of small businesses to compete in international markets; and

(F) ensuring that the interests of small businesses are adequately represented in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations.

EU欧州連合の｢欧州小企業憲章｣(2000年)

European Charter for Small Enterprises (2000)

Proposed at Lisbon summit in March 2000, and signed at the European Council in Santa Maria da Feira in June 2000

Small enterprises are the backbone of the European economy. They are a key source of jobs and a breeding ground for business ideas. Europe’s efforts to usher in the new economy will succeed only if small business is brought to the top of the agenda.

Small enterprises are the most sensitive of all to changes in the business environment. They are the first to suffer if weighed down with excessive bureaucracy. And they are the first to flourish from initiatives to cut red tape and reward success.

At Lisbon we set the goal for the European Union to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth, more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.

Small enterprises must be considered as a main driver for innovation, employment as well as social and local integration in Europe.

The best possible environment for small business and entrepreneurship needs therefore to be created.

Acknowledge the dynamic capacities of small enterprises in answering to new market needs and in providing jobs;

Stress the importance of small enterprises in fostering social and regional development, while behaving as examples of initiative and commitment;

Recognise entrepreneurship as a valuable and productive life skill, at all levels of responsibility;

Applaud successful enterprise, which deserves to be fairly rewarded;

Consider that some failure is concomitant with responsible initiative and risk-taking and must be mainly envisaged as a learning opportunity;

Recognise the values of knowledge, commitment and flexibility in the new economy.

EU欧州連合の｢欧州小企業議定書｣(2008年)

'Small Business Act' for Europe

　Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - “Think Small First”- A “Small Business Act”for Europe {SEC(2008) 2101} {SEC(2008) 2102} /* COM/2008/0394 final *

序文

1. INTRODUCTION

Managing the transition towards a knowledge-based economy is the key challenge for the EU today. Success will ensure a competitive and dynamic economy with more and better jobs and a higher level of social cohesion.

Dynamic entrepreneurs are particularly well placed to reap opportunities from globalisation and from the acceleration of technological change. Our capacity to build on the growth and innovation potential of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will therefore be decisive for the future prosperity of the EU. In a globally changing landscape characterised by continuous structural changes and enhanced competitive pressures, the role of SMEs in our society has become even more important as providers of employment opportunities and key players for the wellbeing of local and regional communities. Vibrant SMEs will make Europe more robust to stand against the uncertainty thrown up in the globalised world of today.

The EU has thus firmly placed the needs of SMEs at the heart of the Lisbon Growth and Jobs Strategy, notably since 2005 with the use of the partnership approach[1], which has achieved tangible results. Now it is time once and for all to cement the needs of SMEs in the forefront of the EU’s policy and to translate the vision of the EU Heads of State and Government of 2000 into reality ? making the EU a world-class environment for SMEs[2].

The national and local environments in which SMEs operate are very different and so is the nature of SMEs themselves (including crafts, micro-enterprises, family owned or social economy enterprises). Policies addressing the needs of SMEs therefore need to fully recognise this diversity and fully respect the principle of subsidiarity.

10の原則

SBA's 10 PRINCIPLES:

I Create an environment in which entrepreneurs and family businesses can thrive and entrepreneurship is rewarded

II Ensure that honest entrepreneurs who have faced bankruptcy quickly get a second chance

III Design rules according to the“Think Small First”principle

IV Make public administrations responsive to SMEs' needs

V Adapt public policy tools to SME needs: facilitate SMEs' participation in public procurement and better use State Aid possibilities for SMEs

VI Facilitate SMEs' access to finance and develop a legal and business environment supportive to timely payments in commercial transactions

VII Help SMEs to benefit more from the opportunities offered by the Single Market

VIII Promote the upgrading of skills in SMEs and all forms of innovation

IX Enable SMEs to turn environmental challenges into opportunities

X Encourage and support SMEs to benefit from the growth of markets

OECD経済協力開発機構の「ボローニャ中小企業政策憲章」(2000年)

OECD Bologna Charter on SME policies (2000)

On 15 June 2000, ministers and representatives of 47 countries, including Algeria, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey and Vietnam, participated in the Bologna Conference and adopted the following Charter.

RECOGNISING the increasing importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth, job creation, regional and local development, and social cohesion, also through the role played by women and young entrepreneurs;

RECOGNISING that entrepreneurship and a dynamic SME sector are important for restructuring economies and for combating poverty;

RECOGNISING that globalisation, the acceleration of technological change and innovation create opportunities for SMEs but also involve transition costs and new challenges and that globalisation should lead to higher living standards for all and that its benefits should be accessible to all on an equitable basis;

RECOGNISING that SME policies need to be tailored to the circumstances and priorities of individual countries and sectors, while contributing to sustainable development and social progress With regard to enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs in transition economies and developing countries in the global economy and their partnership with SMEs of OECD countries,

RECOMMENDED that in developing SME policies, the following be considered:

Co-ordination between governments, and regional and international organisations as regards industrial development programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting the growth of SMEs in transition and developing economies be improved.

Support and financial services, including those carried out by intermediaries (e.g. self-help organisations, business associations, technical assistance centres, etc.), be promoted in ways that foster international co-operation and partnership among SMEs and provide improved access to information, financial and technological resources and new markets.

SME policies in developing and transition economies promote the long-term development of the sector and encourage networking. Policy and institutional mechanisms favouring large, often state-owned enterprises over SMEs, notably in sectors not characterised by economies of scale or other conditions of "natural monopoly", should be removed.

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